Management Role

There are a few implications and translations that are occupied with the word the board. Additionally, the jobs and work that are related in this position likewise guards on the information on that specific individual about the term. It very well may be said that a great many people see the executives as the situation wherein you can complete the things through others. All things considered, there are a few perspectives with respect to the job of the executives in an association that can be considered very separated from the customary perspective on the board jobs, for example, to help workers so as to expand their capacity for the improvement of the association and too to assist representatives with being gainful individuals from the network. In any case, for most workers it very well may be said that the term the board alludes to the gathering of individuals with the duty to settle on choices about the association. The exercises of the board just as program and additionally official chiefs are likewise alluded to as the executives. In Joe’s case, he had misguided judgments of the obligation that had been placed into his shoulders when that he was delegated chief for the Best Made Mfg. Along these lines, Joe was set go into his past situation, in the creation line after simply 3 weeks.â Joe expected to do a similar sort of work, just lighter than before in the wake of being set into another position. In can be found for this situation that the jobs and obligations of being an administrator is very not quite the same as being in the creation line. Being a piece of the creation line implies working side-be-side with the individuals on the said work environment. It implies that you are probably going to do what the vast majority do. Accordingly, being a chief is a very surprising situation. So as to all the more likely observe the distinctions, let us look carefully to the part and job of the administration in the advancement and improvement of the organization. In the customary understanding, the board is alluded to as the exercises of gatherings of individuals wherein their fundamental obligation includes arranging, sorting out, driving and just as controlling/organizing. So as to have a superior image of the job of the board, let us take a gander at every one of the four capacities referenced previously. Arranging includes the recognizable proof of objectives, targets and strategies that the organization plans to do and accomplish. The assets that will be utilized in the organizations activity is a piece of arranging just as to recognize the obligations of personnel’s and the consummation date of a specific assignment. There are numerous sorts of arranging of which vital, business, venture, staffing and just as publicizing and advancements arranging are incorporated. Another obligation of the administration is to sort out the assets of the organization so as to accomplish the objectives of the organization in the most beneficial way. It might incorporate the association of new offices, workplaces, document frameworks, HR and just as the redesign of the business and others. Another thought and obligation that is in the possession of the administration is to impact the people that are a piece of the organization. Driving is a significant thought so as to spur the workers. Along these lines, to set the heading that must taken by the individual workers is a significant factor so as to augment the capability of the organization. Driving not simply includes endeavoring to accomplish the objective of the organization yet to impact the workers to a similar thing also. Controlling/Coordinating is additionally a significant errand of the administration. It includes the procedures, frameworks and structures of the association so as to come to the organization’s objectives and goals in the best and effective way. This may incorporate the checking and modifications of the frameworks and different structures of the organization just as the assortment of inputs. The exhibition the executives procedure, monetary controls along with the approaches and structures are a portion of the models. In this way, the errand of those in the creation line and the board includes two distinct assignments. The principle qualification is that those in the creation line are guided by the administration however doesn't have the position to decide. This is the activity of the administration alongside the various duties and errand referenced previously. Being a piece of the administration and of the creation line are two unique errands that includes diverse methodology. To regard them as having a similar capacity and obligation will doubtlessly raise you some ruckus simply like Joe’s case. Reference Davidmann, M. (1998). Job of supervisors under Different Style of Management. Recovered December 12, 2007 from http://www.solhaam.org/articles/clm2su.html Heathfield, S. (2007). At the point when Management Systems Fail. Recovered December 12, 2007 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/motivationsuccess/a/manage_systems.htm McNamara, C. (2007). Basicsâ€Definitions (and Misconceptions) About Management. Recovered December 12, 2007 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmnt/defntion.htm The board Role The administrator and pioneers are various thoughts; yet they are joined in the way that both satisfy an assortment of jobs in an association. It is this assortment of jobs that makes their activity so testing and differing. Individuals entering these positions ought to set themselves up to adjust numerous errands and issues one after another, attempting to locate a decent harmony between every one of them. This week we will focus on the job of the administrator as determined in the administration jobs and styles. Experts talking about this issue discover a characterization progressed by H. Mintzberg extremely accommodating. This order incorporates ten most regular jobs satisfied by the supervisor: â€Å"three relational jobs (nonentity, pioneer, and contact), three educational jobs (screen, disseminator, and representative), and four decisional jobs (business person, unsettling influence handler, asset allocator, and negotiator)† (Gottschalk, n.d.). Minzberg takes note of that these jobs are satisfied by all directors independent of their situation in an association and comparing capacities. Be that as it may, as he would like to think, â€Å"differences do exist in the significance and exertion devoted to each administrative job dependent on work content, diverse ability levels, and expertise† (Gottschalk, n.d.). The thought of administrative jobs has significant ramifications for an association paying little mind to its circle of action. For instance, the association selecting the grid the executives will present â€Å"multiple lines of power, mirroring the numerous capacities expected of an adaptable workforce† (Li et al., 2003, p. 192). This implies administrators in such an association ought to have an assortment of aptitudes that improve them arranged to deal with every particular circumstance. In my view, the most significant job in Minzberg’s framework is that of a pioneer. As expressed above, the executives and administration are not proportionate. Kelly (n.d.) calls attention to that â€Å"Managers keep up, regulate and follow strategies set by others; pioneers by model instigate others to follow, they set objectives and regularly are the impetuses for change†. Nonetheless, it appears that the contention among the executives and administration is overemphasized in writing. At the point when an individual leads, the administrative job offers backing and structure for this action. Then again, if the administrator isn't a pioneer, there are moderately hardly any approaches to drive individuals to get things done. One is to request compliance through order, however this is not really a reasonable method to move individuals to incredible deeds. Administration aptitudes are different: here have a place informative aptitudes, the blessing to talk to dazzle the crowd, a fine information on brain research, and capacity to set clear objectives. The director should be a skilful asset allocator, as Minzberg makes reference to, since assets of the association rely upon great administration. Powerful conveyance of assets is an extraordinary assistance to an association in accomplishing its objectives. An administrator is relied upon to give direction on this technique and handle the assignment on one’s own. Doing this can require impressive hard aptitudes, including information on numerically based asset designation models. Most likely, how much a chief is going to require these aptitudes will differ proportionately to the manager’s association in asset assignment. As a rule, a decent working information on the PC is basic since asset designation should be possible with the assistance of programming, for example, MS Project. One job that Minzberg doesn't cover expressly yet the one that is in any case significant is that of a coach. A director is there to assist workers with arriving at their maximum capacity and is in this manner obliged to focus on their aptitudes and ability. The person in question should make bringing out innate abilities and creating feeble territories a need in one’s work. To get this going, the administrator ought to create in any case relational abilities. To be a tutor, one needs to build up great relations with the individual and discover what this individual’s interests are. Compatibility with subordinates is basic for this job, and encouraging aptitudes are basic. Another job that can be added to Minzberg’s order is that of a delegator. A supervisor ought to have capacity to assign that shapes the reason for successful work of a unit. It is for no situation conceivable to do everything on one’s own. Along these lines, the supervisor should have the option to discover specialties for specific individuals and discover how they can convey an incentive to an association. This takes generous information on the idea of business, just as the ablity to evaluate sufficiently the capacities of a solid individual. A director ought to likewise be a decent pioneer. Since this job requires innovativeness, not every person can satisfy it sufficiently. In any case, it is basic that an administrator have the option to develop new arrangements. Over the span of administrative exercises, novel and bizarre circumstances are visit. To these circumstances, a supervisor can't

Removal of separate legal personality and the ‘veil of incorporation’ by the courts The WritePass Journal

Evacuation of independent lawful character and the ‘veil of incorporation’ by the courts Evacuation of independent lawful character and the ‘veil of incorporation’ by the courts ] EWCA Civ 525 it was held that the cloak will be penetrated when there is â€Å"evidence of misrepresentation, lawlessness or a hoax or if the organization is a unimportant faã §ade disguising the genuine facts† (segments 213-215 of the Insolvency Act 1986, segment 993 of the Companies Act 2006 and area 15 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986). It has in any case, been said that much trouble emerges with these special cases as â€Å"veil piecing isn't an end in itself however a way to an end† (Talbot, 2007: 29). Puncturing the Corporate Veil Except if the conditions of the case offer ascent to extortion or a previous commitment, be that as it may, the courts will be probably not going to penetrate the cloak completely; Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC [2006] UKHL 4. Ostensibly, the courts will â€Å"go to extraordinary lengths to keep away from any undeniable entrance of the corporate shroud, while as yet making the kind of requests that would be fulfilled by simply such a process† (Watcher, 2007: 157). This guarantees principle isn't as a rule totally subverted, while simultaneously giving insurance to the general population; Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 322. Given the disarray this may cause, it is essential that the shroud is just lifted in extraordinary conditions (French, Mason and Ryan, 2011; 124). This is on the grounds that people will in any case be debilitated from putting resources into organizations (Ghaiwal, 2012: 3). In this way, the courts should just have the option to â⠂¬Å"draw back the corporate cover to do equity when presence of mind and reality request it† as in Conway v Ratiu [2006] 1 All ER 571. End Despite the fact that it would appear as if the tenet of discrete legitimate character is being sabotaged by the presence of exemptions, it is significant that these stay unblemished so as to shield people in general from misuse. Henceforth, there should be a harmony between the interests of people in general and the interests of an organization and its individuals. Regardless of whether this parity is at present being achieved is doubtful, however the courts will make a huge effort to decide each case on its own realities so as to look after decency. In this manner, it is significant that the shroud of fuse doesn't secure those people found to have been acting in an unlawful way. Simultaneously, in any case, the respectability of the cloak ought to likewise be safeguarded with the goal that a company’s individuals are not being discovered by and by obligated when the organization is truly languishing. References Adkinsion, R., (2008) Under the Influence? New Law Journal, Issue 7341. Beatson, J., (1991) The Use and Abuse of Unjust Enrichment: Essays on the Law of Restitution, Oxford University Press. Birks, P. (2004)Undue Influence as Wrongful Exploitation, Law Quarterly Review, 120 LQR 34. Davies, P. (2010) Introduction to Company Law, second Edition, OUP Oxford. Fafinski S., and Finch, E., (2009) Law Express: Contract Law. Longman. second Edition. Ghaiwal, S. (2012) ‘Chandler v Cape plc: Is there a chink in the corporate veil?’, Health and Safety at Work Newsletter, vol 18, no 3. Gulati, B., (2011) Intention to Create Legal Relations: A Contractual Relationship Necessity ot an Illusory Concept, Beijing Law Review 2, Scientific Research. French, D. (2011) Company Law, 28th Edition, OUP Oxford. Hopt, K. L. (2001) ‘Company Groups in Transition Economies: A Case for Regulatory Intervention?’, European Business Organization Law Review, vol. 2, no. 1. McKendrick, E., (2011) Contract Law. Palgrave MacMillan. ninth Edition. Poole, J., (2006). Casebook on Contract Law, eighth Edition, OUP Oxford. Saha, T. K., (2010) Textbook on Legal Methods, Legal Systems Research, Universal Law Publishing. Smith, S. A., (1997) Contracting Under Pressure: A Theory of Duress, 56 Cambridge Law Journal 2. Talbot, L. (2007) Critical Company Law, Routledge. Walden-Smith, K., (2005) Protecting the Vulnerable †The Court of Appeal’s Decision in Macklin v Dowsett, Stone Buildings News, Available [Online] at: 5sblaw.com/pictures/record/5SB_Newsletter_4.pdf Watcher, V. V. (2007) The Corporate Veil, New Law Journal, vol. 990, no. 7218. Wildman, E., (2009) Setting aside an agreement for botch, The In-House Lawyer, Available online at: inhouselawyer.co.uk/index.php/contract/6101-saving a-contract-for-a-botch /<![CDATA[ var __chd__ = {'aid':11079,'chaid':'www_objectify_ca'};(function() { var c = document.createElement('script'); c.type = 'content/javascript'; c.async = true;c.src = ( 'https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://z': 'http://p') + '.chango.com/static/c.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(c, s);})(); /]]

Understanding The Contemporary Context Of Housing - The Emergence Of

Understanding The Contemporary Context Of Housing - The Emergence Of Understanding The Contemporary Context Of Housing - The Emergence Of Problems And Policies In The â€" Assignment Example > Low Demand in Housing Private MarketIntroductionLow demand in the housing private market is the inability of constructed houses being able to attract anyone willing to dwell in them. In the worst form the houses are abandoned completely as people or tenant look for accommodation or resident elsewhere. In the housing policy of Britain the matter has been viewed as a challenge that has been created by the council housing, where important estates, blocks or areas have come to be labeled as ‘difficult-to-let’. This challenge was first noticed in 1974 and highlighted as a major problem in the housing sector. The problem was characterized by empty and abandoned buildings, high turnover and abnormal sales and low house prices (Cole Nevin, 2004). Causes of low demand in housingAccording to Leather et al. (2007), the fundamental factor that is a direct result of low demand is the poor perception or tainted reputation of areas, antisocial behavior and crime. Poor quality environment and conditions, design and type of estate or housing are of middle level significance. Equal observation is applicable to general surplus in housing that it has been pointed out in almost half of cases at neighborhood level in every tenure sector. Leather et al (2007) adds that there exist a big level of similarity between factors causing low demand in housing that are considered commonly important in both the social and private sector. Nevertheless, some differences are striking. Dwelling places that are unpopular are more associated commonly with the local authority sector, while on the other hand poor condition is more witnessed when it comes the private sector. It is conspicuous that factors such as quality or availability of services locally and inaccessible location are only rightly not pointed out to be major factors resulting to low demand. Concerning local services this is apparently conflicting with the view of the Social Exclusion Unit which emphasized on the fact that man y of the neighborhoods considered poorest experience run-down services both public and private. Whereas local schools quality being poor is a usual factor pointed out as encouraging out-migration of the inner cities, it has not been taken by practitioners as specifically important as the reason of low demand and unpopularity of neighbourhood as observed by some people. Explanatory variables that have been put forward to explain the cause of low demand in housing in the private sector have been broadly categorized as demographic factors, employment factors, poverty/income, area (un)attractiveness and stock supply characteristic. The unattractiveness of the area is very crucial factor in the social sector. Crime problems and dissatisfaction have outstanding effect across the sectors. Fear of crime and anti-social behavior are the strong factors that are forcing people to abandon areas that are unpopular (Rhoden Balchin, 2002). A number of commentators have put forward explanations for the emergence of low-demand and for the unpopularity of neighbourhoods. The causal factors that have been put forward have been broadly categorized into three: first broader sub-regional and regional effects of demographic trends, especially migration, that are usually viewed as associated to employment changes and economic restructuring. Secondly, there is the factor that is brought by changes in behavior and preferences in the would-be consumers of the private housing and social housing. This has been occasioned by the declining popularity of private housing and instability and greater turnover in the tenant population. Finally the micro-social processes at the neighborhood level that lead to specific areas being stigmatized by reputations for crime, poverty and other factors resulting into processes of collective deterioration of conditions which may in the long run lead to total abandonment (Allen, 2008).

Replace Traditional Components Like Diesel Generators Essay

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to replace traditional components like diesel generators which are used to generate power in a microgrid with renewable energy sources for an Air-force field deployable hospital (AFFDH). In this paper we assume that Air-force field deployable hospital consumes approximately 70KVA of peak power. ETAP software is used to operate for island and grid connected mode and also load flow and short circuit analysis are performed on the system for variety of load and fault scenarios. INTRODUCTION Usage of renewable energy resources in production of electricity is considered as effective method for environment and also for future generation by saving up the fossil fuels. The investments on the renewables in United States in 2014 is about $38.3billion [1].The renewable energy usage is increasing in United States mainly because of the state and local governments, utility companies and other private investors. The U. S Department of Defense is the largest consumer of electric energy, it is about 54% of the total government use [3][4]. Generally, for the Department of defense existing commercial power is used or diesel generators. But the cost of fuel keeps on increasing and diesel generators are not that feasible compared to new technologies. During natural disasters or other attacks usage of diesel generators is not that recommendable because the cost of investment is very high and also maintain fuel supply is difficult. For this paperShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Kerosene On The Modern Society1859 Words   |  8 Pagesthat is capable of releasing energy. Many of the fuels used today release copious amounts of harmful gases into the environment and are obtained from sources that will take millions of years to replenish and because of this a new fuel is needed to replace petrol. Kerosene is an oil distillate commonly used as a fuel or solvent. 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Definitions and Examples of Word Formation

In linguistics (particularly morphology  and lexicology), word formation refers to the ways in which new words are made on the basis of other words or morphemes. Also called derivational morphology. Word-formation can denote either a state or a process, and it can be viewed either diachronically (through different periods in history)  or synchronically  (at one particular period in time). See examples and observations below. In  The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language,  David Crystal writes about word formations:   Most English vocabulary arises by making new lexemes out of old ones — either by adding an affix to previously existing forms, altering their word class, or combining them to produce compounds. These processes of construction are of interest to grammarians as well as lexicologists. ...  but the importance of word-formation to the development of the lexicon is second to none. ... After all, almost any lexeme, whether Anglo-Saxon or foreign, can be given an affix, change its word class, or help make a compound. Alongside the Anglo-Saxon ​root in ​kingly, for example, we have the French root in royally and the Latin root in regally. There is no elitism here. The processes of affixation, conversion, and compounding are all great levelers.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Processes of Word-Formation Apart from the processes that attach something to a base (affixation) and processes that do not alter the base (conversion), there are processes involving the deletion of material. ... English Christian names, for example, can be shortened by deleting parts of the base word (see 11) This type of word formation is called truncation, with the term clipping also being used. (11a) Ron (-Aaron)(11a) Liz (-Elizabeth)(11a) Mike (-Michael)(11a) Trish (-Patricia)(11b) condo (-condominium)(11b) demo (-demonstration)(11b) disco (-discotheque)(11b) lab (-laboratory) Sometimes truncation and affixation can occur together, as with formations expressing intimacy or smallness, so-called diminutives: (12) Mandy (-Amanda)(12) Andy (-Andrew)(12) Charlie (-Charles)(12) Patty (-Patricia)(12) Robbie (-Roberta) We also find so-called blends, which are amalgamations of parts of different words, such as smog (-smoke/fog) or modem (modulator/demodulator). Blends based on orthography are called acronyms, which are coined by combining the initial letters of compounds or phrases into a pronounceable new word (NATO, UNESCO, etc.). Simple abbreviations like UK or USA are also quite common.(Ingo Plag, Word-Formation in English. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Academic Studies of Word-Formation - Following years of complete or partial neglect of issues concerning word formation (by which we mean primarily derivation, compounding, and conversion), the year 1960 marked a revival—some might even say a resurrection—of this important field of linguistic study. While written in completely different theoretical frameworks (structuralist vs. transformationalist), both Marchands Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation in Europe and Lees Grammar of English Nominalizations instigated systematic research in the field. As a result, a large number of seminal works emerged over the next decades, making  the scope of word-formation research broader and deeper, thus contributing to better understanding of this exciting area of human language.(Pavol Ã…Â  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber, preface to Handbook of Word-Formation. Springer, 2005)- [R]ecent voices stressing the importance of investigating word formation in the light of cognitive processes can be i nterpreted from two general perspectives. First of all, they indicate that a structural approach to the architecture of words and a cognitive view are not incompatible. On the contrary, both perspectives try to work out regularities in language. What sets them apart is the basic vision of how language is encapsulated in the mind and the ensuing choice of terminology in the description of the processes. . . . [C]ognitive linguistics concedes closely to the self-organizing nature of humans and their language, whereas generative-structuralist perspectives represent external boundaries as given in the institutionalized order of human interaction.(Alexander Onysko and Sascha Michel, Introduction: Unravelling the Cognitive in Word Formation. Cognitive Perspectives on Word Formation. Walter de Gruyter, 2010) Birth and Death Rates of Words Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death.   Just as a new species can be born into an environment, a word can emerge in a language. Evolutionary selection laws can apply pressure on the sustainability of new words since there are limited resources (topics, books, etc.) for the use of words. Along the same lines, old words can be driven to extinction when cultural and technological factors limit the use of a word, in analogy to the environmental factors that can change the survival capacity of a living species by altering its ability to survive and reproduce. Source Petersen, Alexander M. Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death. Scientific Reports volume 2, Joel Tenenbaum, Shlomo Havlin, et al., Scientific Reports, Nature, March 15, 2012.

The Professor And The Madman Free Essays

The Professor and the Madman, written by Simon Winchester, is a biography about the making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Winchester, who is an author, journalist, broadcaster and foreign correspondent, has written for many magazines and newspapers distributed worldwide. In an interview between Winchester and a host of C-SPAN, Winchester was asked where the idea for the book came, he replies Well, it came to me in a rather bizarre way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Professor And The Madman or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was reading a book on lexicography in the bath one morning, as one does, I suppose, just before breakfast, and it was a book–a wonderful book called â€Å"Chasing The Sun† by a man called Jonathan Green. And it had a reference–it said, `Readers will be familiar with the extraordinary story of Dr. W. C. Minor, an American lunatic murderer, who was a prodigiously energetic contributor to the OED. ’ And I remember sitting up in the bath, Archimedeslike, dripping and saying, `Well, I know nothing about this. ’ Winchesters main foundation for this book is to clarify the tale of the making of the Oxford English Dictionary The formation of the Oxford English Dictionary began in 1857 and took seventy years to finish. Tens of thousands of individuals organized the expansive language into 414,825 exact definitions. The story begins with the grisly murder of George Merrett, by William Chester Minor the former U. S. Army officer and qualified surgeon. On February 17th of 1872 in the early morning William Minor had been sleeping, when he awoke to some noises of someone in his flat. He sat up and saw someone standing at the foot of his bed. He proceeded to chase the individual into the street, and shot at the person as they attempted to flee. He ended up shooting the first person that came into view apparently, and this person was George Merrett. Merrett had never met W. C Minor and had been heading home after a long day at work. W. C Minor was arrested. While in prison, he appeared to act exceptionally strange. One of the guards told the jury that Minor accused him of paying people to enter his room and molest him while he slept. This evidence clearly showed that W. C Minor was insane and was sent to the Asylum for the Criminally Insane, Broadmoore. The judge stated that he would remain there until her Majestys Pleasure be known. Professor James Murray, an extraordinarily educated former schoolmaster and bank clerk, sent out an announcement about the making of the Oxford English Dictionary, asking for literary contributions. From his cell in Broadmoore, Minor came across this announcement and began contributing examples from his massive collection of new and scarce antique books. Minor had an enormous collection of books in his cell, which were not available to Murray and the staff, where the dictionary was being created. Thousand of neat and well-written quotes and examples came from Minor over several years to Oxford. Murray was only fifty miles away from where Minor was living, and had no idea that Minor was committed to an asylum. On several occasions Minor had been asked to visit Murray In Oxford, where they could meet and discuss the dictionary. Minor declined all invitations, without an explanation, and only an apology. After being rebuffed several times, Murray offered to visit Minor and Minor accepted the offer. Upon arrival Murray discovered that Minor was not a doctor of the asylum as he had assumed, but a resident. Murray was shocked, but that didnt dissuade him from visiting Minor. Although Minor constantly complained about people molesting him while he slept, people breaking into his room at night, and his personal possessions being vandalized Murray ignored the strange comments and went on with his visits. Minors stepbrother began writing appeals to the court, asking that his brother be allowed to transfer to a hospital in the United States. James Murray, who spent more than 40 years editing the dictionary, and up until 1910 wrote and visited Minor regularly, until Minor was released and allowed to go back to the U. S. On July 16th 1915 Murray died, surrounded by friends and relatives. In November 1915 Minor wrote to Lady Murray, offering all his books to the Scriptorium. On Friday March 26th 1920 Minor died from a cold that developed into bronchopneumonia. The English Oxford Dictionary took eight more years to be completed. On New Years Eve of 1927 its completion was announced. The Professor and the madman is a wonderfully written biography. Before each chapter was a word that defined the whole chapter. Most of the book was in chronological order, except for the parts where the author backtracked in order to elaborate. The postscript and authors note gave a bit of insight on where he got his idea to write the book, and some of his resources. Unlike The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison, the diction was easy to follow, and storyline was far from depressing. Winchester was very straightforward, and turned a little known tale into a well-written and very compelling book. I had my doubts about this particular book. I got this book, when the report was first assigned. I attempted to read, but found the first chapter dreadfully boring, and returned the book to the bookstore. I forgot about the report until I was reminded a week ago. I went to go and find a different book, but had no luck, so I bought the book again. I am glad that I did end up with this book. I enjoyed The Professor and the Madman immensely. I have no recollection of ever hearing about the authors of the Oxford English Dictionary. How to cite The Professor And The Madman, Essay examples

Douglass and Emerson What is Self-Reliance free essay sample

How does Ralph Waldo Emerson use self-reliance? How does it relate to Frederick Douglass’ Narrative? These are some interesting questions and they will be carefully reviewed. Emerson’s use of self-reliance may have many different interpretations for others that read it, but his possible intentions of its use will be the primary focus. Douglass’ Narrative might be seen as a fulfillment of Emerson’s Self-Reliance. These two epics are interesting and engaging of their own volition so looking at the two of them together will hopefully help answer some of the lingering questions that may have been left unanswered in the past and at the same time raise some new questions. First, let us look at what Emerson meant by self-reliance. It could be that he meant our reliance on ourselves as individuals, but after careful reading of the text he probably meant that we should not conform to the ways of the world and instead look for our own way. We will write a custom essay sample on Douglass and Emerson What is Self-Reliance? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How do we go about doing that? Well one way might be to first examine the world around us and see what works and what does not work. It could help us determine how to go about making good decisions for ourselves. One view that Emerson possibly holds according to a comment by George Kateb, in an article by T. Gregory Garvey, is â€Å"Emerson, ‘inclines to the view that a contemplative mind can be more truly self-reliant than a person striving for self-reliance in the world. With an independent mind, one can see and know, observe and trace the intricacy and complexity of the world. This mental process more nearly reaches self-reliance than being and acting individualistically do’ † (Garvey 7). This is one possible interpretation of what Emerson may have meant and what he might have meant could be seen as similar to the previous statement that indicated we should look at the world around us to see what works and what does not work. By critically reviewing the world around us it can bring some sense and new revelations to what Emerson is trying to tell us. A different and at the same time interesting view according to Mimosa Stephenson and Will Stephenson is that Emerson may have seen self-reliance as â€Å"an instinct for self-trust† and looks at it from a scientific point of view and compares it to the way a scientist may view a star as fascinating, but still unexplainable as to the origin of where it came from and how it came to be (M. Stephenson and W. Stephenson 1). This is an interesting way to look at self-reliance especially with regards to not really having a way to verify the origin of where the idea came from. This poses new questions with no real answers. It is one of the interesting mysteries of life that can be debated by critics and scholars alike. Each critic and scholar will have a different point of view that he or she will see as valuable. A similar view according to David Jacobson in his critical essay on Emerson’s Self-Reliance states that â€Å"self-reliance leads to an emancipation of the will, allowing for a clearer understanding of the universe† (Jacobson 1). The key words here are allowing for a clearer understanding of the universe. Again, it seems that there is an implied understanding that one has to critically review what is going on in the world and the people that live in it and how we allow them to affect our daily lives. This might be close to what Emerson was trying to convey in his text. Some critics or scholars might disagree with this information, but each new article that has been reviewed seems to be leading in the same direction. This view could just as likely be an answer to some unanswered questions as any other information that has been reviewed or studied. It may also raise some more new questions. But that is the interesting twist in any text or story it is based on someone’s opinion or idea about a particular subject and in most cases it has been carefully researched to provide validation of one’s argument. There is not really a wrong or right answer just a variety of opinions. We should consider how it is relevant to the reading of Douglass’ Narrative. After careful review of this text it would seem that Douglass’ primary focus is to show the relevance of his life and how it was lived as a slave. He does a lot of self-reflection and how the world around him affected his life and the lives of those around him. This could be relevant to Emerson’s Self-reliance because it shows how someone carefully reviewed his own circumstances and the relevance of his worldly surroundings and what effects it had on not only his life, but the lives of those around him. This would seem to take away from the â€Å"self-reliance† idea of Emerson, but in reality it can help highlight and show how effective it is to examine not only one’s own life, but the how the lives of others are affected by not only what they choose to do, but also what others choose to do as well. What should be examined first is what Douglass meant with regard to his work the Narrative. This will give some insight into how to best link his text with Emerson’s Self-Reliance. According to a critical review by Ed. Russell Whitaker author Frederick Douglass gave â€Å"a detailed, firsthand account of slave life and the process of self-discovery by which Douglass recognized the evils of slavery as an institution† (Douglass 3). The key word here is self-discovery which could be linked to self-reliance. It is important to note that this is the primary focus so while the information being provided may seem irrelevant it also cannot be disregarded. Douglass does acknowledge in his text Narrative that he was a slave and how this affected his life not only as a person, but also as a writer. So this could be key information in helping to make a connection between the Douglass and Emerson texts. Now to examine another possible view according to William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips as an author Frederick Douglass â€Å"remains true to the facts of his experience† and â€Å"in the words of one commentator, ‘the first native American autobiography to create a black identity in style and form adequate to the pressures of historic black experience’ †(Leverneir 2). This critical review could be viewed as an example of one way that Douglass’ Narrative and Emerson’s Self-Reliance are intricately woven together. The key word would be identity because what is being carefully examined is how Self-Reliance is relevant to Narrative. Now that each of the Douglass and Emerson texts has been reviewed for the possible connection of each of the texts we should carefully review Douglass’ Narrative by itself just to show what he was trying to share with his readers. We have reviewed Emerson’s Self-Reliance as a separate piece and should give the same respect to Douglass’ Narrative. According to a critical essay by Kelly Rothenberg it is stated, â€Å"His help and strength must come from within himself first, and he refuses to accept the idea that he must wait until the afterlife for his suffering to end. In a very humanistic way of thinking, Douglass realizes that he should not have to suffer in this life† (Rothenberg 4-5). One could view this quote almost as an answer to the question, â€Å"How does Douglass’ Narrative relate to Emerson’s Self-Reliance? † It could be argued that Douglass reviewed and critiqued his own life. After careful review he may have come to the conclusion that he is a human and deserves to be treated as such. This could be seen as a convincing stand that Douglass might take. To further discuss Douglass taking a possible stand and claim his self-identity and self-reliance we will take a look at a review by John Sekora. This review does acknowledge that Douglass suffered greatly for many decades and it would be fair to say that, â€Å"He was without a doubt the major black figure during the last generation of slavery, during the Civil War, and during the whole of Reconstruction† (Sekora 2). Douglass spent his entire life trying to be self-reliant and claim a self-identity. One could argue against this and say that this was not the case that he wasted too much quality time trying to prove his point. On the other hand someone else could argue and say that he was a great success. It just depends on the opinion of the viewer. It would be a fair statement to say that he certainly worked hard to prove that he was a great success. In conclusion, it was interesting to look at the varying degrees of critical review with regards to each of the texts by Emerson and Douglass. It seemed at first that it would be difficult to find a reasonable connection between them, but as the writing progressed so did the obvious connection. While Emerson emphasized self-reliance and Douglass focused on a Narrative, it seemed that each of them were trying to bring some semblance of order to an otherwise unorganized world. Bringing the two epics together was difficult, but not impossible. Along the way some questions were answered while new questions were possibly raised. Each writer is dynamic and unique in his own way, but a fair comparison would be similar to a jig-saw puzzle that seems as if it will not ever come together, but eventually it does. It is a puzzle that many people will continue to work on piecing together and then even sometimes taking it back apart just to see if it comes back together the same way or ends up something different.

Ultrasonic Radar For A Home PC System Essays - Electric Motors

Ultrasonic Radar for a Home PC System One of the fastest changing and most expensive fields, is that of technology. Our computers, printers, modems, and much more is being outdated faster than anything else in the world. Just as we buy a new computer that does what we want, the industry comes out with a new option on a smaller and better computer. There seems to be so much changing that unless we invest our life savings into technology, we are considered obsolete like our computers. What used to fill an entire room, is so small now that it can be swallowed with a glass of milk. A computer used to be a mechanical engine that had many moving parts and was very slow. Now computers design computers that are tenfold their own power and a tenth the size, with less parts and using less power. An airport or an army base used to have huge structures that could send out signals to find out if any aircraft were approaching. This technology is now offered to people who have a computer with microsoft's quick basic, or a Macintosh, and space (equivalent to that of a coffee-pot) to spare. Ultrasonic radar is now a small component for your computer, giving computer operators a chance to see low flying objects, household furniture, and even themselves on their PC screen. Just to impress a neighbour or friend is reason enough to build your own ultrasonic radar station. Similar to that of a Polaroid, ultrasonic transducers are used in this type of radar. A rangefinder emits a brief pulse of high frequency sound that produces an echo when it hits an object. This echo returns to the emitter where the time delay is measured and thus the result is displayed. The Polaroid rangefinder is composed of two different parts. The transducer (Fig. 1) acts as a microphone and a speaker. It emits an ultrasonic pulse then waits for the echo to return. The ranging board is the second part (Fig. 2). This board provides the high voltages required for the transducer, sensitive amplifiers, and control logic. Since R1 is variable it controls the sensitivity of the echo detector. A stepper motor rotates the transducer to get a 360o field of view. For entire assembly see Figure 3. An Experimenter is hooked up to the ranging board to control the ranging board and to measure the round trip time of pulses. It also controls the stepper motor and communicates with the control computer. The connections between the Experimenter, ranging board, and transducer are shown in Figure 4. The ranging board's power requirements are usually under a 100 mA, but at peak transmission the circuit can draw up to 2 Amps of current. Power passes from GND (pin 1) and V+ (pin 9). To avoid malfunction a 300mF or greater should be connected between pin 1 and pin 9 (or alternately pin 16 and pin 5). Another 300mF resistor should be added to the Experimenter end of the cable. Figure 5 shows the timing diagram of the ranging boards's signals. It takes about 360 microseconds to transmit the pulses. The transmitter waits 1 millisecond for the pulse transmission and transducer to complete it's task. Then the experimenter waits for the pulse echo to return. If a pulse is detected the board sets ECHO at high. The Experimenter times the difference between BINH going high to ECHO going high. The experimenter sets INIT to low, waits 0.5 seconds for the echo, if no echo is heard the experimenter cancels the measurement. The measured time is sent to the computer which then calculates, at thousands of calculations per second, the distance based on the speed of sound (1100 feet per second). With a program called DISTANCE.BAS the exact speed of sound can be calculated according to the local weather conditions. The stepper motor is used to rotate the radar so it can scan 360o around the room. An ordinary DC motor would not do for such a project. The rotation must coincide with the emissions and the receptions of the echoes. In a DC motor the armature rotates and the brushes connect successive commuter bars to windings to provide the torque. The speed of this motor depends heavily on how much load there is and how much voltage is applied. A stepper motor has different wires to each winding. By energizing a winding the armature rotates slightly, usually a few degrees. By sequentially charging one winding after another the armature can rotate completely around. By

James Madison, 4th President of the United States

James Madison, 4th President of the United States James Madison (March 16, 1751–June 28, 1836) served as Americas 4th president, navigating the country through the War of 1812. Madison was known as the Father of the Constitution, for his role in its creation, and a man who served during a key time in the development of America.   Fast Facts: James Madison Known For: Americas 4th president and the Father of the ConstitutionBorn: March 16, 1751 in King George County, VirginiaParents:  James Madison, Sr. and Eleanor Rose Conway (Nelly), m. September 15, 1749Died: June 28, 1836 in Montpelier, VirginiaEducation: Robertsons School, College of New Jersey (which would later become Prrinceton University)Spouse: Dolley Payne Todd (m. September 15, 1794)Children: One stepson, John Payne Todd Early Life James Madison was born on March 16, 1751, the eldest child of James Madison, Sr., a plantation owner, and Eleanor Rose Conway (known as Nelly), the daughter of a wealthy planter. He was born at his mothers stepfathers plantation on the Rappahannock River in King George County, Virginia, but the family soon moved to James Madison Sr.s plantation in Virginia. Montpelier, as the plantation would be named in 1780, would be Madison Jr.s home for most of his life. Madison had six brothers and sisters: Francis (b. 1753), Ambrose (b. 1755), Nelly (b. 1760), William (b. 1762), Sarah (b. 1764), Elizabeth (b. 1768); the plantation also held more than 100 enslaved persons. The earliest education of James Madison, Jr. was at home, probably by his mother and grandmother, and at a school located on his fathers plantation. In 1758, he began attending the Robertson School, run by Scottish tutor Donald Robertson, where he studied English, Latin, Greek, French, and Italian, as well as history, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and geography. Between 1767 and 1769, Madison studied under the rector Thomas Martin, who was hired by the Madison family for that purpose. Education Madison attended the College of New Jersey (which would become Princeton University in 1896) from 1769–1771. He was an excellent student and studied a range of subjects, including oratory, logic, Latin, geography, and philosophy. Perhaps more importantly, he made close friendships at New Jersey, included the American poet Philip Freneau, writer Hugh Henry Brackenridge, lawyer and politician Gunning Bedford Jr., and William Bradford, who would become the second attorney general under George Washington. But Madison grew ill in college, and stayed in Princeton after he graduated until April 1772, when he returned home. He was sickly most of his life, and modern scholars believe he likely suffered from epilepsy. Early Career Madison didnt have a vocation when he left school, but he soon became interested in politics, an interest perhaps stirred but at least fed by his continuing correspondence with William Bradford. The political situation in the country must have been exhilarating: his zeal for freedom from Britain was very strong. His first political appointment was as a delegate to the Virginia Convention (1776), and then he served in the Virginia House of Delegates three times (1776–1777, 1784–1786, 1799–1800). While in the Virginia house, he worked with George Mason to write Virginias constitution; he also met and established a lifelong friendship with Thomas Jefferson. Madison served on the Council of State in Virginia (1778–1779) and then became a member of the Continental Congress (1780–1783). Father of the Constitution Madison first called for a Constitutional Convention in 1786, and when it was convened in 1787 he wrote most of the U.S. Constitution, which outlined a strong federal government. Once the Convention ended, he, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton together wrote the Federalist Papers, a collection of essays that were intended to sway public opinion to ratifying the new Constitution. Madison served as a U.S. Representative from 1789–1797. On September 15, 1794, Madison married  Dolley Payne Todd,  a widow and socialite who set the pattern for the behavior of White House first ladies for centuries to come. She was a well-liked hostess throughout Jeffersons and Madisons time in office, holding convivial parties with both sides of the Congress in attendance. She and Madison had no children, although John Payne Todd (1792–1852), Dolleys son from her first marriage, was raised by the couple; her son William had died in the 1793 yellow fever epidemic that killed her husband. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, in 1798 Madison drafted the Virginia Resolutions, a work that was hailed by anti-federalists. He was secretary of state under President Thomas Jefferson from 1801–1809. Embargo Act and the Presidency By 1807, Madison and Jefferson became alarmed at increasing reports on upheavals in Europe suggesting that Britain would soon go to war with Napoleons France. The two powers declared war and demanded that other nations needed to commit to a side. Since neither the Congress nor the administration were ready for all-out war, Jefferson called for an immediate embargo on all American shipping. That, said Madison, would protect American vessels from almost certain seizure, and deprive European nations of a needed trade that might force them to allow the U.S. to remain neutral. Passed on December 22, 1807, the Embargo Act would soon prove unpopular, an unpopularity that eventually led to U.S. involvement in the War of 1812. In the 1808 election, Jefferson supported Madisons nomination to run, and George Clinton was chosen to be his vice president. He ran against Charles Pinckney, who had opposed Jefferson in 1804. Pinckneys campaign centered around Madisons role with the Embargo Act; nevertheless, Madison won 122 of the 175 electoral votes. Negotiating Neutrality Early in 1808, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed the U.S. to trade with all nations except France and Great Britain because of the attacks on American shipping by those two nations. Madison offered to trade with either nation if it would stop harassing American ships. However, neither agreed. In 1810, Macons Bill No. 2 was passed, repealing the Non-Intercourse Act and replacing that with a promise that whichever nation would stop harassing American ships would be favored and the U.S. would stop trading with the other nation. France agreed to this and the British continued to stop American ships and impress sailors. By 1811, Madison easily won the renomination for the Democratic-Republicans, despite being opposed by DeWitt Clinton. The campaigns main issue was the War of 1812, and Clinton attempted to appeal to both those for and against the war. Madison won with 128 out of 146 votes. War of 1812: Mr. Madisons War When Madison started his second administration, the British were still forcibly attacking American ships, seizing their cargo, and impressing their sailors. Madison asked Congress to declare war: but support for it was far from unanimous. The war, sometimes called the Second War for Independence (because it resulted in the end of U.S. economic dependence on Britain), pitted a barely prepared U.S. against the well-trained force that was Great Britain. On June 18, 1812, Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, after Congress, for the first time in American history, voted to declare war against another nation. Americas first battle was a disaster called the Surrender of Detroit: The British, led by Major General Isaac Brock, and Native American allies, led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, attacked the port city of Detroit on August 15–16, 1812. U.S. Brigadier General William Hull surrendered the town and fort, despite having a larger army. America fared better on the seas, and eventually retook Detroit. The British marched on Washington in 1814, and on August 23 they attacked and burned the White House. Dolley Madison famously stayed in the White House until she ensured that many national treasures were saved. The New England Federalists met at the Hartford Convention in late 1814 to discuss pulling out of the war, and there was even talk of secession at the convention. But, on December 24, 1814, the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the fighting but resolved none of the pre-war issues. Retirement After his presidential term in office ended, Madison retired to his plantation in Virginia. However, he still stayed involved in political discourse. He represented his county at the Virginia Constitutional Convention (1829). He also spoke against nullification, the idea that states could rule federal laws unconstitutional. His Virginia Resolutions were often cited as a precedent for this but he believed in the strength of the union above all. He took a leadership role in the formation of the University of Virginia, especially after Thomas Jeffersons death in 1826. Madison was also a slave owner- Montpelier had 118 slaves at one point- who helped found the notorious American Colonization Society to help resettle freed blacks in what would become Liberia, Africa. Death Although Madison remained vigorous and active during his early retirement, beginning after his 80th birthday in 1829, he began to suffer from longer and longer spells of fever and rheumatism. Eventually he was confined to Montpelier, although he continued working when he could through the winter of 1835–1836. On June 27, 1836, he spent several hours writing a thank you note to George Tucker, who had dedicated his biography of Thomas Jefferson to him. He died the next day. Legacy James Madison was in power at an important time. Even though America did not end the War of 1812 as the ultimate victor, it did end with a stronger and independent economy. As the author of the Constitution, Madisons decisions made during his time as president were based on his interpretation of the document, and he was well-respected for that. In the end, Madison attempted to follow the Constitution and tried not to overstep the boundaries set before him as he interpreted them. Sources Broadwater, Jeff. James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of the Nation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.Cheney, Lynne. James Madison: A Life Reconsidered. New York: Penguin Books, 2014.Feldman, Noah. The Three Lives of James Madison: Genius, Partisan, President. New York: Random House, 2017.Gutzman, Kevin R. C. James Madison and the Making of America. New York, St. Martins Press, 2012.Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. University of Virginia, 1990.

Political Socialisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Socialisation - Essay Example One of the major criticisms against the process of political socialization has been that it adversely affects the large numbers of women in politics and the recent evidences from the politics of world nations substantiate this view. Politics is all about power and power relationships and the people who enjoy power have always been superior in politics. The process of political socialization has the power of defining the relationships among the members of the society and this process decides the matters and topics of political discussions. â€Å"The process of political socialization invariably involves the power to define relationships ‘including the capacity to nominate others as equal or unequal memorable or abject, discusser or the discussed.’ In the social system of the day, men are always regarded as the superior gender that has the potential in determining the course of political and social destinies of a nation and the role of women has been sidelined. The impact of the process of political socialization on the status of the large number of women in politics is largely due to the interference of society in the long process of political socialization. Political and feminist thinkers from time to time have been in criticism on the process of political socialization which deteriorates the role of female politicians all over the world. Kate Millett has been an acute critic of this process which, according to her, subjugates the female gender to the superiority of the opposite gender.... s been that it adversely affects the large numbers of women in politics and the recent evidences from the politics of world nations substantiate this view. Politics is all about power and power relationships and the people who enjoy power have always been superior in politics. The process of political socialisation has the power of defining the relationships among the members of the society and this process decides the matters and topics of political discussions. "The process of political socialisation invariably involves the power to define relationships 'including the capacity to nominate others as equal or unequal memorable or abject, discusser or the discussed.'" (Mangan P. 2). In this process of political socialisation, the involvement of women in the political matters is greatly affected. In the social system of the day, men are always regarded as the superior gender that have the potential in determining the course of political and social destinies of a nation and the role of women has been sidelined. The impact of the process of political socialisation on the status of the large number of women in politics is largely due to the interference of society in the long process of political socialisation. Political and feminist thinkers from time to time have been in criticism on the process of political socialisation which deteriorates the role of female politicians all over the world. Kate Millett has been an acute critic of this process which, according to her, subjugates the female gender to the superiority of the opposite gender. Thus, Millett has described the female's 'consent' to the male-over-female paradigm "as a process of socialisation in which women were constrained to be passive, ignorant, valued if at all for bearing children, a function shared with

It can be in firms' interests to source components they need from Assignment

It can be in firms' interests to source components they need from competitors. Explain how this can be the case and examine an - Assignment Example The ability to plough back the profits into the business operations gives the firm a competitive advantage over the competitors. Buying of the competitors products may mean the increase in the economies of scale to the firm, which buys the components. This may also come up with the risks associated with the changes in the market structure to torment the operations of the firm (Cennam, & Santalo 2013, pp. 1346-1349) The Benefits When the firm buys the component of the competitor, the firm enjoys vast economies of scale. When the size of the firm increases, the competition wrecks, since the production of the major competitor ids impeded. The competitor the economic scale increases with great efficiency of the firm to solve the huddles of the markets. The costs of operations decrease in the sense that the firm will not at the verge of strong competition to demand a lot in their production mechanism. Being able to control the market gives the firm another heightened advantage as the pric e is set by the major producer of the products. This is further motivated also by the low costs of production that the firm enjoys due to the wide base of economies of scale (Long & Wijeyaratne, 2013. pp. 21). ... More customers would be attracted to the firm’s products. This would attract more customers to buy the firm’s product (Pukeliene & Maksvytiene, 2008. pp. 40). The firm will be able to offer more benefits on its products than the competing products from other firms within the economy. This ability to deliver better services to the customers, improves the firm’s ability to satisfy the growing demands in the contemporary markets (Cummins & Xie, 2013. pp. 151-153). The firm is able to make economic profit margins by having the opportunity to choose from the best alternative due to the diverse products from the firm. The bought components of the competitor can be released to the markets at the firm’s most convenient time. This give the firm the widest base on the opportunity cost (Long & Wijeyaratne, 2013. pp. 80). The markets may demand the products, the firm is at a better position to select on the demanded product, and offer at the firm’s own set pric e. The advantage of the firm to select on the best and readily available product to sell to the market, gives the firm more profits since they sell at their own set prices. When the demand of a given product goes up, the price increases significantly (Dichter & Sala, 2012). This gives the firm an opportunity to sell it at their own set price. This increases the interests of the firm, which it can use to further control the markets based on the wide economies of scale. For example, if the firm decides to release a product, which is highly demanded for to the markets, and the difference in the profits accrued is the opportunity cost. At such a time, the value of the demanded product is higher than the actual value of the other similar products and that of the product itself when the demand is low (Spiller, 2011.

Internal Auditing Concepts for Small and Medium Enterprises

Internal Auditing Concepts for Small and Medium Enterprises INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Internal auditing is an independent appraisal function established within an organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the organization. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes (IIA, 2007). It delivers greater value to an organization by championing good governance, supporting enterprise risk management rollout, consolidating compliance processes, and potentially coordinating various other corporate monitoring functions (Rick Todd, 2008). Corporate governance is a set of processes, controls, and structures generally performed within the organization by, or on behalf of, stakeholders (including the board or other body directly appointed by stakeholders, to ensure that their interests are protected and their goals are achieved (Norman, 2007). Over the past years, there has been a loud call for â€Å"good governance† of organizations (Zeleke, 2007). In the wake of corporate scandals, widespread unethical behavior, and illegal activity in some of the most respected organizations, corporate governance has become important in both public and private organizations (Tumuheki, 2007). These accounting scandals and legislation highlight the critical role the internal audit function plays in corporate governance (Deborah et al, 2008). It is therefore not surprising that the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) puts a lot of effort in guiding its members to become corporate governance specialists, capable to assist both management and the board (Jan, 2005). Uganda, like other transition economies, now increasingly recognizes that corporate governance is an essential tool for prosperity and economic growth. (Tumuheki, 2007). For Small and Medium Enterprises, especially those with a serious desire to grow and perhaps someday get stock exchange listings of their own, they should consider adopting key elements of corporate governance as this will help them gain access to information and resources for growth. The presence of proper accounting and bookkeeping practices increases confidence in SMEs and makes them less risky to invest or finance. According to Wee Teck (2003), there has been a recent growing call for the application of corporate governance to SMEs. They argue that, corporate governance has similar benefits to SMEs as to listed companies and therefore similar guidelines that apply to listed companies should also be applicable to SMEs. 2.0 Statement of the Problem Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are critical for Uganda because of their role in economic growth and poverty reduction. A dynamic and vibrant SME sector will provide sustainable growth, generate jobs and therefore reduce poverty levels .As companies globally face issues relating to transparency, accountability and timely disclosure of material information, the concept of corporate governance and business ethics in SMEs has gained significant importance (Shahnawaz, 2003). In Uganda, SMEs which form 90% of the private sector, lack organised in-house procedures to manage and supervise internal controls, risk management, business performance and cash flows. This has caused a high collapse rate, with 40 % failing within one year and 80 % within five years (Kasule, 2008) despite the high formation rate. This has prompted me to look at the relationship between internal audit proficiency and corporate governance in the small and medium scale enterprises in Uganda. 3.0 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study seeks to evaluate the relationships between internal audit proficiency and internal controls; internal controls and corporate governance; internal audit proficiency and risk management; internal controls and risk management; and risk management and corporate governance in Ugandas SMEs. 4.0 Objectives of the Study The specific objectives of the study are stated below: i To establish the relationship between internal audit proficiency and internal controls in SMEs ii To establish the relationship between internal control systems and corporate governance in SMEs iii To establish the relationship between internal audit proficiency and risk management in SMEs iv To establish the relationship between internal controls and risk management in SMEs v To establish the relationship between risk management and corporate governance in SMEs. 5.0 Research Questions i) What are the causes of lack of internal audit proficiency in Ugandas SMEs? ii) What role can internal audit proficiency play to promote good corporate governance in Ugandas SMEs? 6.0 Scope of the Study The study will focus on internal audit proficiency, internal controls, risk management and corporate governance practices in Ugandas SMEs. It will be conducted within Kampala District since Kampala area has the largest number of SMEs in Uganda. The SMEs will be studied under the following categories; trade and commerce, service and manufacturing. 7.0 Significance of the Study The study will benefit the SME sector since it will highlight areas of emphasis that they should take advantage of. Scholars and academicians may be inspired to carry out further studies based on these findings. The study is expected to boost the literature gap on internal audit and corporate governance in the SME sector. Policy makers and other stakeholders will benefit from the findings of this research since they will be able to draw conclusions based on the findings. 8.0 Conceptual Framework The conceptual frame work draws upon the works of Faudziah et al, (2005), Laura Michael, (2002) and Tushabomwe (2006) with adjustments made to fit SMEs in Uganda. It explores the relationship between two variables; internal audit proficiency and corporate governance in Ugandas SMEs. According to Gerrit Ignace (2006), internal controls more specifically and risk management have been considered fundamental elements of organizational governance and that, it is the job of internal auditors to help organisations accomplish their objectives by bringing systematic and disciplined approaches to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes. Internal auditors have an important role in the corporate governance process (Jan, 2007) and therefore need to be out in front, leading organisations with regards to the internal control systems and also focusing on strategic business objectives. They also need to establish themselves as vital cogs in their organizations, rather than as observers who watch from the periphery and wait for events to impact them (Sawyer Vinten, 1996). Therefore their experience and skill in carrying out audit work is of great importance since constructive advice to the Board and management adds value to organizations. The following conceptual frame work will be used to guide the study.

His Excellency George Washington

His Excellency George Washington His Excellency George Washington, written by Joseph J. Ellis, provides us a look at one of the most influential men in American history. However, instead of looking at the monumental titan as most did, Ellis wrote about the man behind the monument; his successes, failures and desires that few if any have written about before.While not as formal sounding to the reader with many questions and out of the way comments by the author based on opinion instead of fact, like on page 194 where in moment about Washington saying formal etiquette of the levees combined with Washington's natural dignity (or was it his aloofness? ) to create†¦. ‘ with the content in the parentheses being his own. This statement of his was neither followed up by any fact nor further discussion entirely which is necessary in these situations. Or is it?Ellis spent his book not focusing on the monolith but on the man, dating back to before the French and Indian war where Wash ington started to receive recognition for his services, to his death in 1799. Ellis looked past all the brass and silver of his success in the public and thoroughly explored his private and personal life. Ellis painted Washington as a man who focused intently on his bottom line, as seen on page 165 where Ellis describes that the main reason for Washington wanting to get rid of his slaves was not for moral reasons but for economic reasons, as the slaves were no longer worth the investment.Ellis harped on the fact that only 3 letters of correspondence survived between George and Martha Washington (page 42), which was one of the few times e released his emotions considering his natural stone exterior. Ellis also put considerable effort in to focusing on his home in Mount Vernon which was a centerpiece in Washington's life. His life was changed forever by his wife Martha who, even though they originally married for economic reasons, became a ‘mutually affectionate bond' (Ellis, 42 ). From the beginning Washington was concerned about his future in the aristocratic- like planter class of Virginia.Being the 2nd son in the family George was not slated to receive his father's fortune, so he would need to find another career where he could aka one. He got his first Job as a surveyor sent to check on land in the Shenandoah Valley (Ellis, 10). It is presumed by Ellis that this is the point at which Washington saw the expansive and untouched land to the west, a driving force behind his ambitions both at the start of the revolution (Ellis, 57) and during his presidency. During his youth, America was a land where most identified themselves as British, Virginian ‘army and worked alongside the British intently during the French and Indian war.However many of the colonists believed they fought the French and Indian war to be allowed to expand west. This thought was extinguished when the proclamation of 1763 was released, forbidding colonist expansion westward. This w as one of the starting points where colonists began to feel some resentment to the British Crown, and only snowballed with every act thereafter. As more taxes and acts were being placed on colonists more and more anger about a lack or representation in parliament began to seep into American politics.Many of the more radical members who wanted full separation/retaliation became to be known as the Whig arty (Ellis, 62). These Whig were inspired by the Country Party (Ellis, 62-63) of England and wanted to establish a republican like government that better represented the colonists in the Americas. As time went on and the revolution ended, while the framing of the constitution took place and there on after, 2 political parties in the United States began to take route. The first major group was the Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton which Washington was a supporter of.The Federalists are precursors to modern day republicans. On the other hand a large group of people in the south didn' t like the centralist ideas of the Federalists, fearing that the Federalists would destroy their agriculturally based economies (Ellis, 204-205). These men went on to form the Republican Party, or Anti-Federalists, which is the modern precursor to the Democratic Party. While a member of it Washington hated and despised these 2 parties as he feared it would lead to a deadlock (which we can see today). Many decisions that would affect Americas social future were decided in Washington's era.A large one, the legality of slaves was one that was with him from the time of the revolution where he considered offering freedom for those who fought for him, until he finally passed away (Ellis, 263). While personally against slavery from a moral stand point later in his life at the beginning he took advantage of slave labor to help create his massive estates that were pivotal to his position in Virginia society. He did have 1 condition however that most slave owners didn't have; he would never s ell members of a slave family, only the whole family together (Ellis, 258).Joseph J. Ellis created a biography that changed some perspective of Washington. No longer an immovable figure of greatness, he was portrayed as a man who went through hardships, strife, and success, while still keeping his goals and ideals alive. He was a man with a deep capacity for emotion who had learned self-control and was always looking towards the future. He saw George as a man who would do what it took to get the Job done, and extend his legacy forever. Most importantly, Ellis shed new light on the man and not the monolith of His Excellency George Washington.

Macbeth Theme

One of the most fascinating ways in which Shakespeare explores the theme of appearance and reality is through the characters of the witches. The witches bring with them confusion, which infects the natural order. Night becomes day. Duncan’s horses eat each other, Fair is foul, and foul is fair. This quote is fairly early in the text, and sets the tone for the rest of the play. It alludes to the deceptive nature of the play, referring to the idea that things are not always as they seem.The quote itself foreshadows the apparent sinister and deceitful nature of the play, in that it brings forth the idea that things that seem fair, good and true may well in fact be evil or foul. Likewise, things that appear evil may possess elements of good in them. This quote is a key component of the play, as the play itself centres around the idea of deception and that what appears on the outside is not always a true reflection of what lies beneath,. the course of the play, they lead to greater confusion in Macbeth’s mind.They seem to promise him good things, but his life subsequently begins to deteriorate. On the night of the murder, Macbeth sees a floating dagger, but can not decide if this â€Å"air-drawn dagger† is real or a figment of his imagination proceeding from his â€Å"heat-oppressed brain†. His confusion between what is real and what is not seems to increase as the witches’ influence over Macbeth grows. As Macbeth’s actions become more tyrannical and savage, the strain of hiding their (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s) true nature surfaces. The pair quickly begins to lose their grip on reality.Following Banquo’s murder, Macbeth sees his ghost at the feast. Macbeth has lost the ability to differentiate between appearance and reality. The cause behind Macbeth’s murder of Banquo was his inability to accept anything at face-value. Macbeth turns to the witches when he begins to become â€Å"cribb’d and conf ined†. These are the very â€Å"hags† behind Macbeth’s original confusion. They very quickly bring Macbeth into a state of mind where he becomes totally disconnected from reality. He takes the witches apparitions and predictions literally, believing that he is safe from any harm.The prediction that Macbeth will be safe until â€Å"Birnam Wood reaches Dunsinane† appears to indicate that he will not be threatened any time in the near future. In reality, it is showing him his impending downfall. It is at this stage that the forces of good come together and travel to Scotland to overthrow Macbeth. As the tide turns on Macbeth, the king and queen become more disillusioned and reach the brink of insanity. Suffering from memories of the murder, Lady Macbeth is unable to make a distinction between reality and fantasy.In her panicked state, she takes her own life. Meanwhile, Macbeth is forced to acknowledge that the witches â€Å"lie like truth†. They have e quivocated. Macbeth is at this stage ready to see the world for what it is, not for what he wishes it to be. The play Macbeth is undoubtedly a very shocking and disturbing play. In the course of the play, the boundaries between reality and appearance are in a constant state of flux. As a result, very little is as it seems in the play. The characters are regularly concealing their true natures and their true ambitions and desires.

Italian Immigrants Holiday Traditions - 1262 Words

Americans have become so accustomed to holiday traditions today that the meaning of how they arrived here has been lost. Immigrants of Italy brought to America their family-centered culture of celebrating these holidays. Their culture was so influencing that villages for the Italians were actually formed. The Italians celebrated numerous holidays in Italy; most celebrations included their fine foods and wine. Although, after the immigrants arrived in America they no longer observed many of the holidays that they did in Italy. The Italians’ holiday culture helped to make America a more diverse nation. Their family-centered culture and regional affiliations resulted in highly concentrated settlements called, Little Italies. Entire villages in Italy would travel over to America to form these settlements. Many were heavily clustered in cities in the mid-atlantic and midwest states. The immigrants typically viewed themselves as residents of a particular region or village, not as â€Å"Italians.† Their daily habits and life reflected this, as they usually only associated with fellow kin or villagers called paesani. The Italians were working on becoming a member of American society while still trying to maintain their old customs. During holidays, Italian immigrants still utilized traditional customs such as folk songs, folklore, and dances for special events. However, like so many of the Italian aspects of life, they were so regionally specific that they defied easy characterization.Show MoreRelat edItalian Music1489 Words   |  6 Pagesmore than four and half million Italian immigrants arriving to American between the years of 1876-1924, traditions, food, literature and an immense amount of Italian culture was slowly spread nationwide. With that, Italian music was also brought across seas. 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